ProMED
http://www.promedmail.org

Source: HortiDaily [summ. Mod.DHA, edited]
https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9594128/researchers-detect-tobrfv-on-cent ral-peruvian-coast/

The presence of tomato brown rugose fruit tobamovirus (ToBRFV) in commercial fields on the central coast of Peru has been confirmed by molecular methods. In addition, peru tomato mosaic potyvirus (PToMV) has also been identified in the same area.

This information will assist farmers in their choice of crops and enhance genetic improvement programs for developing tomato varieties with greater tolerance or resistance to these viruses.
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Communicated by:
ProMED

[Additional information from the source:
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Fifty-six leaf samples of tomato plants with viral symptoms of mosaic, mottling, plant stunting, and leaf crinkling, as well as 13 samples of symptomless plants as control, were collected from 2 regions that comprise more than 50% of tomato production in Peru.

Using PCR analysis, ToBRFV was identified in 24 samples, PToMV in 8 samples, and 11 samples presented a mixed infection with both.

This is the 1st report on ToBRFV in Peru.

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_Tomato brown rugose fruit virus_ (ToBRFV) was identified as a new member of the genus _Tobamovirus_ (type member _Tobacco mosaic virus_, TMV) in Jordan and soon after in Israel (see links below). Since then, it has also been reported from various other regions worldwide and continues to spread. The virus was shown to also affect capsicum and has been detected in both plants and seeds of both crops. ToBRFV symptoms on tomato vary depending on host cultivar but may include chlorosis, mottling, mosaic, crinkling (rugosis) on leaves; necrotic spots on petioles and calyces; and yellowish mottling, brown spots, and rugosis on fruit to make them unmarketable. On capsicum, leaf symptoms are similar; fruits may be deformed with yellow mottling or green stripes. Almost 100% incidence was reported for some outbreaks in tomato, but not every fruit on an infected plant may show symptoms.

ToBRFV (like many tobamoviruses) is seed transmitted and can also be spread by mechanical means, contaminated equipment, as well as with plant or other materials. It is very stable and can remain infectious for months outside a host. Bumblebees, which are used widely as commercial pollinators in glasshouse tomato production, have been shown to be effective vectors of ToBRFV (see link below). Volunteer crop plants and solanaceous weed species are likely pathogen reservoirs. The Tm-22 resistance gene used in some tomato cultivars to protect from other tobamoviruses (such as _Tomato mosaic virus_) does not appear to be effective against ToBRFV. Disease management relies mainly on exclusion but may include phytosanitation (disinfecting tools, removing crop debris) and control of virus reservoirs. Use of certified clean seeds or crop transplants is crucial. Research on possible seed treatments to eliminate the virus is being carried out (see link below). Tomato seeds are traded widely and are known to pose a risk of spreading viruses and other pathogens internationally (e.g., ProMED post 20140122.2222560).

Coinfection of ToBRFV with _Pepino mosaic virus_ (genus _Potexvirus_) and _Tomato spotted wilt virus_ (TSWV; genus _Orthotospovirus_) have been found in tomato (ProMED posts 20191029.6751082, 20200507.7307615), as well as with TSWV in capsicum (see link below). Other coinfecting partners may be expected, with PToMV recorded above for the 1st time. It is thought that respective symptoms in coinfections may be due to either virus or synergism. Further research is needed to clarify a potential role of ToBRFV in coinfections and to determine whether its presence in coinfections may have led to earlier cases of misdiagnosis and delayed identification of this new virus.

_Peru tomato mosaic virus_ belongs to the largest plant virus genus _Potyvirus_ (type member _Potato virus Y_). Potyviruses cause significant losses in a wide range of crops; they are aphid transmitted in a nonpersistent manner and some may also be transmitted by seed.

Pictures
ToBRFV on tomato:
https://gd.eppo.int/media/data/taxon/T/TOBRFV/pics/1024x0/4137.jpg and
https://gd.eppo.int/media/data/taxon/T/TOBRFV/pics/1024x0/4138.jpg
ToBRFV symptoms on capsicum:
https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0009/555759/TOBRFV_figure-5.jpg

Links
Source (conference abstract):
https://sciforum.net/paper/view/16808
Information and characterisation of ToBRFV:
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TOBRFV (with distribution and host list),
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2677-7 (Jordan),
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-023-01436-8 (TSWV co-infection, capsicum) and via
https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Tomato-brown-rugose-fruit-virus/3579397
ToBRFV spread:
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-23-2413-PDN (new reservoir hosts),
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282441 (new reservoir hosts) and
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210871 (by pollinators)
Tomato resistance breeding:
https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9544570/intermediate-resistance-ir-to-tobrfv-in-tomato-varieties-confirmed/ and
https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9265808/we-can-eradicate-tobrfv-from-the-tomato-industry-with-our-newly-found-resistance/
ToBRFV seed treatment:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02151-1
ToBRFV Argentina, 1st report:
https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12203
International spread of tobamoviruses by seeds (review):
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70244
Information on PToMV:
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PTV000,
https://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv/?dpvno=255,
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-15-1063-PDN and
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-004-0356-1
Information on genus _Potyvirus_:
https://ictv.global/report/chapter/potyviridae/potyviridae/potyvirus,
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.11.006 and
https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070773
Virus taxonomy via:
https://ictv.global/taxonomy
- Mod.DHA]